The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation
Identifieur interne : 000068 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000067; suivant : 000069The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation
Auteurs : Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu [Hong Kong] ; Chung-Ying Lin [Hong Kong] ; Vida Imani [Iran] ; Mohsen Saffari [Iran] ; Mark D. Griffiths ; Amir H. Pakpour [Iran, Suède]Source :
- International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction [ 1557-1874 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
The emergence of the COVID-19 and its consequences has led to fears, worries, and anxiety among individuals worldwide. The present study developed the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) to complement the clinical efforts in preventing the spread and treating of COVID-19 cases.
The sample comprised 717 Iranian participants. The items of the FCV-19S were constructed based on extensive review of existing scales on fears, expert evaluations, and participant interviews. Several psychometric tests were conducted to ascertain its reliability and validity properties.
After panel review and corrected item-total correlation testing, seven items with acceptable corrected item-total correlation (0.47 to 0.56) were retained and further confirmed by significant and strong factor loadings (0.66 to 0.74). Also, other properties evaluated using both classical test theory and Rasch model were satisfactory on the seven-item scale. More specifically, reliability values such as internal consistency (
The Fear of COVID-19 Scale, a seven-item scale, has robust psychometric properties. It is reliable and valid in assessing fear of COVID-19 among the general population and will also be useful in allaying COVID-19 fears among individuals.
Url:
DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
PubMed: 32226353
PubMed Central: 7100496
Affiliations:
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xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Tehran</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Griffiths, Mark D" sort="Griffiths, Mark D" uniqKey="Griffiths M" first="Mark D." last="Griffiths">Mark D. Griffiths</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.12361.37</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0727 0669</institution-id><institution>International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department,</institution><institution>Nottingham Trent University,</institution></institution-wrap>50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ UK</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">NG1 4FQ UK</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pakpour, Amir H" sort="Pakpour, Amir H" uniqKey="Pakpour A" first="Amir H." last="Pakpour">Amir H. Pakpour</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412606.7</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0405 433X</institution-id><institution>Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases,</institution><institution>Qazvin University of Medical Sciences,</institution></institution-wrap>Shahid Bahonar Blvd., Qazvin, 3419759811 Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Shahid Bahonar Blvd., Qazvin</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Qazvin</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff6"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.118888.0</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0414 7587</institution-id><institution>Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare,</institution><institution>Jönköping University,</institution></institution-wrap>Jönköping, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Jönköping</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction</title><idno type="ISSN">1557-1874</idno><idno type="eISSN">1557-1882</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>The emergence of the COVID-19 and its consequences has led to fears, worries, and anxiety among individuals worldwide. The present study developed the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) to complement the clinical efforts in preventing the spread and treating of COVID-19 cases.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>The sample comprised 717 Iranian participants. The items of the FCV-19S were constructed based on extensive review of existing scales on fears, expert evaluations, and participant interviews. Several psychometric tests were conducted to ascertain its reliability and validity properties.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>After panel review and corrected item-total correlation testing, seven items with acceptable corrected item-total correlation (0.47 to 0.56) were retained and further confirmed by significant and strong factor loadings (0.66 to 0.74). Also, other properties evaluated using both classical test theory and Rasch model were satisfactory on the seven-item scale. More specifically, reliability values such as internal consistency (<italic>α</italic> = .82) and test–retest reliability (ICC = .72) were acceptable. Concurrent validity was supported by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (with depression, <italic>r</italic> = 0.425 and anxiety, <italic>r</italic> = 0.511) and the Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Scale (with perceived infectability, <italic>r</italic> = 0.483 and germ aversion, r = 0.459).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The Fear of COVID-19 Scale, a seven-item scale, has robust psychometric properties. It is reliable and valid in assessing fear of COVID-19 among the general population and will also be useful in allaying COVID-19 fears among individuals.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahmadzadeh, M" uniqKey="Ahmadzadeh M">M Ahmadzadeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ghamarani, A" uniqKey="Ghamarani A">A Ghamarani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Samadi, M" uniqKey="Samadi M">M Samadi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shamsi, A" uniqKey="Shamsi A">A Shamsi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Azizollah, A" uniqKey="Azizollah A">A Azizollah</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dong, L" uniqKey="Dong L">L Dong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, S" uniqKey="Hu S">S Hu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gao, J" uniqKey="Gao J">J Gao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Duncan, La" uniqKey="Duncan L">LA Duncan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schaller, M" uniqKey="Schaller M">M Schaller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Jh" uniqKey="Park J">JH Park</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huang, C" uniqKey="Huang C">C Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, X" uniqKey="Li X">X Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ren, L" uniqKey="Ren L">L Ren</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, J" uniqKey="Zhao J">J Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Y" uniqKey="Hu Y">Y Hu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lin, C Y" uniqKey="Lin C">C-Y Lin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Montazeri, A" uniqKey="Montazeri A">A Montazeri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vahdaninia, M" uniqKey="Vahdaninia M">M Vahdaninia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ebrahimi, M" uniqKey="Ebrahimi M">M Ebrahimi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jarvandi, S" uniqKey="Jarvandi S">S Jarvandi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pappas, G" uniqKey="Pappas G">G Pappas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kiriaze, Ij" uniqKey="Kiriaze I">IJ Kiriaze</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giannakis, P" uniqKey="Giannakis P">P Giannakis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Falagas, Me" uniqKey="Falagas M">ME Falagas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ropeik, D" uniqKey="Ropeik D">D Ropeik</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wu, T Y" uniqKey="Wu T">T-Y Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, C Y" uniqKey="Lin C">C-Y Lin</name></author><author><name sortKey=" Restedt, K" uniqKey=" Restedt K">K Årestedt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Griffiths, Md" uniqKey="Griffiths M">MD Griffiths</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brostrom, A" uniqKey="Brostrom A">A Broström</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pakpour, Ah" uniqKey="Pakpour A">AH Pakpour</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Hong Kong</li><li>Iran</li><li>Suède</li></country></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Griffiths, Mark D" sort="Griffiths, Mark D" uniqKey="Griffiths M" first="Mark D." last="Griffiths">Mark D. Griffiths</name></noCountry><country name="Hong Kong"><noRegion><name sortKey="Ahorsu, Daniel Kwasi" sort="Ahorsu, Daniel Kwasi" uniqKey="Ahorsu D" first="Daniel Kwasi" last="Ahorsu">Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Lin, Chung Ying" sort="Lin, Chung Ying" uniqKey="Lin C" first="Chung-Ying" last="Lin">Chung-Ying Lin</name></country><country name="Iran"><noRegion><name sortKey="Imani, Vida" sort="Imani, Vida" uniqKey="Imani V" first="Vida" last="Imani">Vida Imani</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Pakpour, Amir H" sort="Pakpour, Amir H" uniqKey="Pakpour A" first="Amir H." last="Pakpour">Amir H. Pakpour</name><name sortKey="Saffari, Mohsen" sort="Saffari, Mohsen" uniqKey="Saffari M" first="Mohsen" last="Saffari">Mohsen Saffari</name></country><country name="Suède"><noRegion><name sortKey="Pakpour, Amir H" sort="Pakpour, Amir H" uniqKey="Pakpour A" first="Amir H." last="Pakpour">Amir H. 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